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Online Strategy Instruction for Integrating Dictionary Skills and Language Awareness
...strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). Appendix B shows responses to statements regarding the SI materials that have been rank ordered according to the combined percentage of those who responded ...

by Jim Ranalli
in Volume 17 Number 2, June 2013

L2 learners’ engagement with automated feedback: An eye-tracking study
...strong explanatory factor is feedback accuracy. Several studies (Bai & Hu, 2017; Chapelle et al., 2015; Koltovskaia, 2020; Lavolette et al., 2015) have suggested that learners’ uncertainty about AWE ...

by Sha Liu, Guoxing Yu
in Volume 26 Number 2, June 2022 Special Issue: Automated Writing Evaluation

Generative AI, visual scaffolds, and metacognition in EFL writing
...strongly disagree” to 5 = “strongly agree”, with higher scores indicating greater metacognitive awareness. The instrument demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.96 pre-test, α ...

by Mei-Rong Alice Chen
in Volume 30 Number 1, 2026

Attention and learning in L2 multimodality: A webcam-based eye-tracking study
...strong evidence supporting its advantage over text-only input (Zhang & Zou, 2022). A key gap in existing research is the lack of consideration for learners’ individual AL differences, which may expl...

by Pengchong Zhang, Shi Zhang
in Volume 29 Number 1, 2025

Comparability of Conventional and Computerized Tests of Reading in a Second Language
...strong trend of parameter estimation equivalence, items with graphics tended to be less stable than text-only items. Further investigation of the items suggested that the significantly different diffi...

by Yasuyo Sawaki
in Volume 05 Number 2, May 2001 Special Issue Computer-Assisted Language Testing

A Framework for Developing Self-Directed Technology Use for Language Learning
...strongly agreed, and only 16% disagreed; when asked whether they spent a lot of spare time learning the language, 62% of the participants partly agreed or agreed, 8% strongly agreed, and 30% disagree...

by Chun Lai
in Volume 17 Number 2, June 2013

How captions help people learn languages: A working-memory, eye-tracking study
...strong association between eye movement and the human mind, referred to as the eye-mind link (Reichle, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 2012). In other words, one’s eye focuses on what one is thinking about, th...

by Susan Gass, Paula Winke, Daniel R. Isbell, Jieun Ahn
in Volume 23 Number 2, June 2019

Pretask training for web-based second language collaborative writing
...strong and present but sentences. Main sentences are convincing details controlling ideas are ideas are somehow difficult to rate. and/or examples. imprecise. Main supported by There are too There ...

by Hsiu-Chen Hsu
in Volume 28 Number 1, 2024

Negotiating Common Ground in Computer-Mediated Versus Face-to-Face Discussions
...stronger, he can believe that she understands what he means by u. Acceptance phase: B accepts utterance u by giving e that she believes she understands what A means by u. She does so on the assumption...

by Ilona Vandergriff
in Volume 10 Number 1, January 2006

Manipulating L2 learners' online dictionary use and its effect on L2 word retention
...strong, when it is self-imposed. Both Search and Evaluation refer to the cognitive dimensions of the construct of task-induced involvement. Search is the attempt to find the meaning of a word or to ...

by Elke Peters
in Volume 11 Number 2, June 2007