Effects of virtual exchanges on learners’ affective and speaking outcomes

Article
Effects of virtual exchanges on learners’ affective and speaking outcomes

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Authors: Tabuchi, Kanako; Kobayashi, Sho; Nakagawa, Yuya; Roberts, John
Volume: Volume 30 Number 1, 2026
Date Issued: 2026-01-26
Keywords: virtual exchange, willingness to communicate, international posture, speaking
Publisher: University of Hawaii National Foreign Language Resource Center; Center for Language & Technology
DOI: https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73664
PDF: 30_01_10125-73664.pdf
Citation: Tabuchi, K., Kobayashi, S., Nakagawa, Y., & Roberts, J. (2026). Effects of virtual exchanges on learners’ affective and speaking outcomes. Language Learning & Technology, 30(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73664
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